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Could the bad old days of economic decline beabout to return? Since OPEC agreed tosupply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel,up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls upscary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, whenthey also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digitinflation and global economic decline. So where are theheadlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraqsuspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time aswinter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in theshort term.
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences nowto be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oilnow accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so evenquite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump pricesthan in the past.
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and soless sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift toother fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensiveindustries have reduced oil consumption. Software,consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or carproduction. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now usenearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest EconomicOutlook that, it oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, comparedwith $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies byonly 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive,and so could be more seriously squeezed.
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices isthat, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the backgroundof general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizableportion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. TheEconomist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 byalmost 30%.
51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is
［A］ global inflation. ［B］ reduction in supply.
［C］ fast growth in economy. ［D］ Iraq's suspension of exports.
52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrolwill go up dramatically if
［A］ price of crude rises. ［B］ commodity prices rise.
［C］ consumption rises. ［D］ oil taxes rise.
53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries.
［A］ heavy industry becomes more energy-i
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intensive.
［B］ income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.
［C］ manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.
［D］ oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.
54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that.
［A］ oil-price shocks are less shocking now.
［B］ inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.
［C］ energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.
［D］ the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.
55. From the text we can see that the writer seems
［A］ optimistic. ［B］ sensitive. ［C］ gloomy. ［D］ scared.
一、文章结构分析
文章大意：最近这次石油价格的大幅上涨的影响不会像以前那样严重。
文章第一、二段指出：最近石油价格大幅上涨，与73年和79至80年油价暴涨相似，作者提出这次会不会像前两次一样造成经济衰退的问题。
文章第三至五段：列举了这次油价上涨的影响不会像以前那样严重的几点原因。
二、试题解析
51. B
本题考核的知识点是：文章细节事实题。
题干要求考生从文章中找出最近一次石油涨价的主要原因。文章第一段提到，自从三月份石油输出国组织（OPEC，Organizationof Petroleum Exporting Countries）同意减产，原油的价格已经涨了近三倍。第二段提到，油价这个星期因伊拉克停止石油出口又一次被抬升。强劲的经济增涨势头，再加上冬季笼罩了北半球，可能在短期内使油价涨得更高。从某种意义上讲，这些都是油价上涨的原因，但是主要原因应该是B选项“reduction in supply”（石油供应量下降）。
从第一段可知A选项“global inflation”（全球性通货膨胀）是前两次油价暴涨造成的后果。C选项“fast growth in economy”（经济快速增长）和D选项“Iraq’s suspension of exports”（伊拉克停止石油出口）是进一步推动油价上涨的原因。D项中“suspension”意为“悬挂、暂停、延缓、停职”，eg. The suspension of a rule, law,etc (规则、法令的暂停实施)。
52． D
本题考核的知识点是：推理题。
题干要求考生从文章的信息中推论出其中的暗示，即“在什么情况下，汽油零售价格（retail price of petrol）会大幅上涨”。文章的第三段谈到，原油价格只占汽油零售价格的一小部分，其大部分(在欧洲高达五分之四)是税收，因此原油价格的变动对汽油价格（pump prices，这里借用pump的“汽油泵”的含义指代加油站零售的汽油）影响不大，影响汽油价格的主要因素是税收。所以汽油价格的条件是D选项“oil taxes rise”（石油税上涨）。
A选项“price of cruderises”（原油价格上涨）影响不大，B选项“commodity prices rise”（商品价格上涨）和C选项“consumption rises”（消费上涨）方面文中未提及。
53．D
本题考核的知识点是：文章细节事实题。
题干要求考生判断《经济展望》中的估计说明了发达国家的什么情况。文章第四段提到，国际经合组织(OECD, Organization for Ecomomic Co-operation and Development)在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计，如果石油价格全年保持在平均22美元一桶的水平，那么相对1998年的13美元一桶，这将使发达国家在石油进口方面的支出增加仅为国内生产总值(GDP，grossdomestic product)的0.25一0.5%。这比1974年或1980年四分之一的收入损失还要小。可见D选项“oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP”（油价变化对GDP没有重大影响）是其中表达的含义。
B选项“income lossmainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices”（收人的损失主要来自原油价格的波动）和文意相反。A选项“heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive”（重工业消耗2011年08月01日 05时16分，《英语资源网:考研英语阅读理解部分试题解析[1]》由查字典出国留学网英语编辑整理.
题
题干要求考生判断文章作者对“油价上涨”这个现象所持的态度。作者大篇幅地给出理由说明这次油价上涨的后果不会很严重。文章第一段谈到，“有充足的理由相信这次油价上涨在经济上造成的后果不会像1970年代那样严重”，最后一段又谈到，“大可不必因为油价上涨而失眠”。可见A选项“optimistic”（乐观）是作者的真正态度。B选项“sensitive”（敏感）、C选项“gloomy”（悲伤）和D选项“scared”（害怕）都不正确。
三、文章长难句解析
①So where are the headlineswarning of gloom and doom this time? “headline”指“新闻报纸中的头版新闻”，一般报道极其重要的事情。“gloom”意为“忧郁、失望”，“doom”意为“死亡、毁灭、劫数、厄运”。该句译为：那么这次警告人们厄运来临的头版新闻都到那里去了？这里是作者介绍完最近发生的油价上涨后提出的问题，其含义是问为什么这次人们好象没有以前那么担心。接下来文章就谈到不值得担心的原因。
②Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the pricehigher still in the short term.该句的主干是“economic growth could push the price higher”，“Strengthening”是分词做形容词，意味“力量越来越强劲的”， 逗号之间是插入成分。全句译为：强劲的经济增涨势头，加上冬季笼罩了北半球，可能在短期内使油价涨得更高。
③One more reason not to losesleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, ithas not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflationand global excess demand.该句主干是“reason is that it has notoccurred…”，逗号间是插入语，全句可译为：另一个不要因油价上涨而失眠的原因是，这次不同干1970年代，油价上涨并未在商品总价格上涨和全球需求旺盛这种大环境中发生。
2002 Paragraph4
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carryimportant implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of painand suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right tophysician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principleof “doubleeffect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having twoeffects—a good onethat is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intendsonly the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify usinghigh doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even thoughincreasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle willshield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not givepatients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hastendeath."
George Annas, chair of the health lawdepartment at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for alegitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if thepatient uses the drug to hasten death. “It's like surgery," he says. “We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn'tintend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're aphysician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intendtheir suicide."
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that theassisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients forwhom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assistedsuicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-v
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olume report,Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of“ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonorthe period of dying’’as the twin problems ofend-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train inhospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to developa Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standardsfor assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyerscan play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiativestranslate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain theirpatients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that itconstitutes “systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear…that painful deaths arepresumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in licensesuspension."
56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that.
［A］ doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients'pain.
［B］ it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.
［C］ the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.
［D］ patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
57. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?
［A］ Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.
［B］ Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painlessrecovery.
［C］ The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.
［D］ A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
58. According to the NAS's report, one ofthe problems in end-of-life care is.
［A］ prolonged medical procedures. ［B］ inadequate treatment of pain.
［C］ systematic drug abuse. ［D］ insufficient hospital care.
59. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive" (line 3, paragraph7)?
［A］ Bold. ［B］ Harmful.
［C］ Careless. ［D］Desperate.
60. George Annas would probably agree thatdoctors should be punished if they
［A］ manage their patients incompetently.
［B］ give patients more medicine than needed.
［C］ reduce drug dosages for their patients.
［D］ prolong theneedless suffering of the patients.
一、文章结构分析
文章大意：医生协助病人自杀问题这个有争议性的问题引起了医学、法律和科学界的关注，他们普遍认为这种“双重效果”原则是可行的。
文章第一、二、三段指出：最高法院在医生协助病人自杀问题上作出的判决实际上对“双重效果”的医疗原则表示了支持，而医生则使用这个原则为他们使用大剂量药物来控制临死病人的痛苦进行辩护。
文章第四至九段：引用医学、法律和科学界的观点来论证这种“双重效果”原则是可行的。
二、试题解析
56． B
[分析]
本题考核的知识点是：文章细节事实题。
题干要求考生从文章前三段中判断四个进项中哪一个是正确的表述。四个选项如下:
A选项“doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain”（医生曾经用增加药物剂量的方法来控制病
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人的疼痛）的时间与原文不符。“used todo”意为“过去常常做…事情（但现在不做了）”。文章第三段提到，近年来，医生一直使用这个原则为他们使用大剂量的吗啡来控制临死病人（terminally ill patients）的疼痛进行辩护。可见，最近医生也这么做。
B选项“it is stillillegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives”（医生帮助病人结束生命仍然是不合法的）就是文章第二段首句的改写。该句提到，法院在判决中承认医生协助病人自杀不是宪法赋予的权利。选项中的“illegal”对应文中“no constitutional right”，“doctors to help the dying end their lives”对应“physician-assisted suicide”。因此选项Ｂ是正确答案。
C选项“the Supreme Courtstrongly opposes physician-assisted suicide”（最高法院强烈反对医生协助病人自杀）与原文意思相反。第二段明确提出，法院实际上对“双重效果”的医疗原则表示了支持，这里的“双重效果”就是指“医生协助病人自杀”。
D选项“patients have noconstitutional right to commit suicide”（病人没有宪法赋予的权利去自杀）在原文中未提及，文中只谈到医生没有宪法赋予的权利来协助病人自杀。
57． C
本题考核的知识点是：文章细节事实题。
题干要求考生从根据全文判断哪个选项是正确的表述。四个选项如下:
A选项“Doctors will beheld guilty if they risk their patients’death”（如果医生冒病人死亡的风险，他将被认为有罪）与原文意思相反。第五段首句谈到，只要医生开的药物是用于正当的医疗目的（legitimatemedical purpose），他就没有做违法的事情，即使病人用这些药物来加速死亡。选项中“hold sb.(to be) adj./n.”意为“认为、相信某人怎样”，eg. I hold theparents responsible for their children’s behavior. (我认为父母应对子女的行为负责)。
B选项“Modern medicinehas assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery”（现代医学一直在帮助那些临死病人进行无痛康复）与原文不符，第六段提到，引起病人绝望的原因是现代医学一直只能延长他们死亡时的肉体痛苦。
C选项“The Court ruledthat high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed”（法院判决，医生可以开出大剂量的镇痛药物）是正确选项，因为第二段提到，法院对“双重效果”的医疗原则表示了支持，而第三段又提到，近年来医生一直使用这个原则为他们使用大剂量吗啡进行辩护。可见，法院是支持医生用大剂量镇痛药物的。
D选项“A doctor'smedication is no longer justified by his intentions”（医生开的药物合不合法不再取决于他们的意图）与原文意思相反，第五段末句提到，如果你是医生，你可以冒病人自杀的风险，只要你没有想要他们自杀。
58． B
本题考核的知识点是：文章细节事实题。
题干要求考生回答根据NAS的报告，临终关怀的问题之一是什么。根据“NAS报告”和“临终关怀”定位第七段。全国科学院发布的报告中明确提到了临终关怀的两个问题：（1）对病痛不进行足够的处理；(2)大胆使用“无效和强制的医疗程序来延长死亡期甚至让病人死得很没有尊严”。因此B选项“inadequate treatment of pain”（对病痛的处理不力）是提到的问题之一。
A选项“prolonged medicalprocedures”（延长的医疗程序）、C选项“systematic drug abuse”（蓄意的药物滥用）和D选项“insufficient hospital care”（医院护理不足）都不对。Ｃ项中的“systematic”意为“planned in advance and donewith malicious thoroughness and exactness”(有预谋的、蓄意的)。Eg.A systemantic attempt to ruin one’s reputation (蓄意破坏某人的名誉)。
59． B
本题考核的知识点是：文章细节释义题。
题干要求考生根据上下文判断七段中出现的“aggressive”这个词的含义。原文谈到“…使用‘无效和强制的医疗程序来延长死亡期甚至让病人死得很没有尊严’，后面的形容词“ineffectual”和“forced”暗示前面的形容词“aggressive”有“大胆的、卤莽的”之意，A选项“Bold”用于贬义时意为“大胆的、冒失的、失慎的”，意义最接近。
B选项“Harmful”（有害的）、C选项“Careless”（粗心的）和D选项“Desperate”（不顾一切的）都不正确。
60． D
本题考核的知识点是：文章细节事实题。
题干要求考生回答乔治·安纳斯认为在以下哪一种情况下，医生应该受到制裁。安纳斯所关注的是病人病痛能否得到有效处理，为解决这个问题他认为医生可以采取任何必要的措施和手段。在最后一段，他明确指出，对病人不必要和可预见的痛苦漠不关心的医生应该受到惩罚。因此D选项“prolong theneedless suffering of the patients”（延长病人不必要的痛苦）是正确答案。
A选项“manage theirpatients incompetently”（不能胜任管理病人的工作）太返，文中具体指的是病人痛苦的死亡可被认为是医生不能胜任管理的表现。
文章第五段提到，安纳斯认为只要医生开的药物是用于合法的医疗目的，就没有违法，所以B选项“give patients more medicine thanneeded”（给病人的药物超过所需）和C选项“reduce drug dosages for their patients”（减少给病人的药物剂量）可排除。
三、文章长难句解析
①TheSupreme Court's decisions on physician-as
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sisted suicide carry importantimplications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.该句主干是“decisions carry implications”，“decide on/against sth.”意为“决定（不）…”，如：Afterseeing all the candidates we’ve decided on this one. (我们见了所有后选人，决定选这位)。全句可译为：最高法院在医生协助病人自杀问题上作出的判决对于医学如何寻求减轻垂危病人的痛苦方面有重要的含义。
②Althoughit ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect," acenturies-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and aharmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. 该句的中心结构是“the Court supported theprinciple”，“Although”引导的是分句与后面是转折关系，“double effect”做“principle”的定语，再后面的名词加分词的结构是对“double effect”的解释，其主干是“principle holding that anaction …is permissible”。全句可译为：虽然法院在判决中承认医生协助病人自杀不是宪法赋予的权利，它实际上对“双重效果”的医疗原则表示了支持，这个古老的道德原则相信，一个具有双重效果的行为——好的效果是想要的而坏的效果也是可以预见的——是可以接受的，如果行为人追求的只是好的效果。
③Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends thatthe principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not givepatients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hastendeath.’’ 该句主干是“Nancycontends that the principle will shield doctors…”，“who”引导的定语从句修饰“doctors”，“”用于虚拟语气时，意为“坚持或坚持要求（某事物）”，从句动词用原形或should+原形，如：I insisted that you take immediate action to put this right. (我坚决要求你立刻采取行动把事情处理好)；当它不用于虚拟语气时，意为“坚持说，固执地声称（尤指别人反对或不信时）”，如：She insisted that she was innocent. (她坚持说她是清白的)。该句是取其第二种意思。全句可译为：蒙非奥尔医疗中心主任，南茜认为，这个原则将为这样一些医生提供保护，“他们直到现在都一直坚持说，当药物可能会加快病人死亡时，他们就无法使用足够的药物来控制病人的疼痛。”
④The profession is taking stepsto require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressivepain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code forhospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treatingpain at the end of life. 该句主干是“The profession is taking steps”后面跟着的三个不定式做“steps”的定语。全句可译为：医疗行业正在采取步骤，要求年轻医生到晚期病人医院接受训练，参加激进的病痛处理医疗知识测试，为医院提供的关怀建立一个收费准则，并且为评估和处理临终病痛建立新的标准。
⑤Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that thesewell-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “initiatives”意为“为解决困难而采取的行动”，全句可译为：安纳斯说，律师在坚持将好意的医疗行为转变为优质的关怀方面将起关键作用。该句的含义是：通过法律的强制作用才能使好意的行动落实到医疗的各个方面。
四、佳句赏析
①On another level, many in themedical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueledin part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged thephysical agony of dying. 全句可译为：在另一个层面，医学界的许多人承认，关于协助性自杀的争论，部分是由于病人的绝望所引起，现代医学一直只能延长他们死亡以前肉体的痛苦。“debate has been fueled by…”表示“引起某种争论、争吵的原因”。Eg. Their altercationhas been fueled most by daily trivialities after marriage. (他们婚后的争吵多是日常琐事引起)。
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