美国移民申请要求及须知
发布时间：2015-09-21来源：查字典留学网
美国移民现在越来越受中国人的追捧，但是要申请美国移民需要满足什么条件呢?下面是查字典留学网 为大家整理的美国移民须知，供大家参考。
绿卡申请资格
你可以通过你的家庭、工作、庇护或者是一些其他特殊情况获得美国绿卡(永久居留权)。在某些案例中，你甚至可以自己申请或者拥有一个永居记录。总的来说，要达到申请美国永久居住的条件，你必须满足以下条件：
1、符合《移民与国籍法》中的一种移民类型
2、拥有合格的移民申请并且已申请通过(少数例外)
3、拥有立即生效的移民签证
4、被美国接纳
每一项条件的具体要求如下：
符合移民类型：
想获得移民资格的人，可以通过家庭、工作、或其它特殊的方式。而此类方法不包括和美国公民是直系亲属的人，这类人享有高度移民优先权。美国国会为每年的移民类型设定了限制数量的签证。移民类型见下文。
亲属移民
和美国公民是亲属的人，并且被认为是直系亲属的人是不需要等待签证通过的。此类的申请者可以利用这项政策在特定的年份之中不受签证限制。
直系亲属包括：
1、美国公民的父母
2、美国公民的配偶
3、美国公民的21岁以下未婚子女
备注：美国公民本人需要达到21岁才能为其父母提出申请。
其余符合资格的亲属移民在申请永久居住权时需要先等待签证通过。该类型包括：
1、第一优先：美国公民的子女，未婚且成年(21岁)
2、第二优先(其一)：永久居民的配偶和21岁以下的未婚子女
3、第二优先(其二)：永久居民的21岁以上未婚子女
4、第三优先：美国公民的已婚子女，其配偶及其未成年子女
5、第四优先：美国公民的兄弟姐妹，及其配偶和未成年子女
工作移民
因为工作需要获得永久居住的人可以申请海外长期居住或移民签证。查字典留学网小编告诉大家根据以下工作移民优先条款可以获得移民签证。
1、第一优先：优先工作人员，包括拥有特殊才能的外国人，杰出的教授、研究人员，某跨过公司高管或经理。
2、第二优先：拥有高等学位的公司职员或有特殊才能的人(包括寻求国家利益豁免的个人)
3、第三优先：技术人员，专业人员和其它符合要求的人员
4、第四优先：某些特殊移民(包括宗教职业)
5、第五优先：投资者或企业家创造的工作移民
庇护移民
如果你被认同是作为避难者来美国或者是符合资格的避难者的配偶或子女，你必须在允许进入美国后申请这个身份1年的永久居留权(绿卡)。如果你被获准在美国政治避难或你是符合要求的难民的配偶或孩子，你可以在获得避难扶助之后申请1年永久居留。
如果你是一个避难者，你需要在允许进入美国后一年申请以避难者身份进入美国。
如果你是一个难民或政治避难者的配偶或孩子，你不需要在有政治庇护保障1年之后再申请或承认美国庇护身份1年后申请，尽管这可能会给你带来最佳利益。
其它移民
尽管大多数移民获得在美国的永久居住权是通过家庭成员的帮助和就业，但仍然有许多其他方法可以获得绿卡。
有些特定的移民项目，仅限于达到特定资格的个人和或在特定的时间段里提出申请。
移民申请
大部分的移民类别需要提交移民申请表(i - 130表格，外国亲属移民，i - 140表格，外国工人移民申请，i - 360表格，亚裔美国人申请，遗孀或鳏夫，或特殊移民，或者另外的诉求)。
请愿书是根据你移民的能力而设立的，并且决定了你的移民类别。某些类别的移民可以自己申请。大多数人的移民是基于人道主义项目免除了请愿书要求。
一些移民申请可以在提交请愿书的同时进行调整(i-485表格，注册永久居留权的申请或调整)，被称为同步申请，而其他类别的移民需要在申请签证前先批准申请书。
签证的有效性
签证对于美国公民的直系亲属来说是永久有效的，如果你是基于优先分类中的家庭或工作类别，你签证的有效性将取决于：
1、你的优先日期
2、你移民的优先类别
3、你的签证国家(通常指你具有公民身份的国家)
美国国务院是控制签证的政府部门，每年的签证限制数额是由美国国会设立并且可以被移民与国籍法参考。
首先，优先日期是基于你填写的移民申请的日期而签署并进行分配，该日期会根据美国公民及移民服务局来适当决定)，在某些因工作移民的案例中，因劳工证日期提出的申请也被美国劳工部接受了。优先日期把控着你的移民签证有秩序的进行。
这个日期，连同你的国籍和优先类别一起，决定你的签证是否可以使用或将等待多久后可用。当美国公民及移民服务局官员准备批准申请永久居留权的签证类别时发现数量有限，那么移民局必须先从国务院申请另外一个签证。
如果签证可申请，你需要填写i-485表格，注册永久居留权的申请或调整(如果你在美国)或申请国外移民签证(领事馆处理)。如果你是领事处理，美国公民及移民服务局会将你的请愿转寄给国务院批准的国家签证中心，当你的优先日期即将可流通和当你可以申请一个国外的移民签证时，他将联系你告诉你下一步怎么做。
进入美国许可
所有申请移民签证或身份更改的人必须提交对移民或领事官员的满意度来证明他们被容许进入美国(并被允许申请入学)。
还有许多可能会导致有些人没有资格成为永久居民的原因。例如，有健康、犯罪、与安全相关的，和其它原因的美国公民与移民服务局都必须考虑。
在某些情况下，如果你发现你不可进入的美国你可能需要填写弃权i -601表格，因个别原因遭拒的不可受理的申请(大多数移民所需填写的表格)或i - 602表格，因排他性遭拒的庇护移民申请(难民和寻求庇护所需的表格)来作为你遭拒的原因。
遭拒是由特定原因决定的(由于你是移民)。如果你最终不被允许进入美国，查字典留学网小编告诉大家你的身份更改申请(i - 485表格)或移民签证申请也会被拒绝。国会设立了遭拒的理由，并且他们将在移民和国籍法案的212节中注明。
如果美国移民局收到了所有的文件，完成了访谈(如有必要)，完成了安全检查，其他资格要求都通过评估，你的案例将由美国公民与移民服务局决定是否通过。
英文原文请浏览第二页
Green Card Eligibility
You may be eligible to apply for a green card (permanent residence) through your family, a job offer or employment, refugee or asylum status, or a number of other special provisions. In some cases, you may even be able to self petition or have a record created for permanent residence on your behalf. In general, to meet the requirements for permanent residence in the United States, you must:
Be eligible for one of the immigrant categories established in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)
Have a qualifying immigrant petition filed and approved for you (with a few exceptions)
Have an immigrant visa immediately available
Be admissible to the United States
Each requirement is detailed below.
Eligibility for an Immigrant Category
Individuals who want to become immigrants (permanent residents) through their qualified family member, a job offer or employment, or a special category will generally be classified in categories based on a preference system. Except for immediate relatives of a U.S. citizen who are given the highest immigration priority and a few other exceptions, Congress has set a finite number of visas that can be used each year for each category of immigrants. The general categories are listed below. For more specific information under each general category, see the links to the left.
Family Based
Some relatives of U.S. citizens, known as immediate relatives, do not have to wait for a visa to become available. There is no limit to the number of visas that can be utilized in this category in a particular year. Immediate relatives include:
Parents of a U.S. citizen
Spouses of a U.S. citizen
Unmarried children under the age of 21 of a U.S. Citizen
Note: U.S. citizens must be at least 21 years old to apply for their parents.
The qualified relatives of a U.S. citizen or permanent resident in the remaining family-based categories may have to wait for a visa to become available before they can apply for permanent residency. These categories include:
First Preference: Unmarried, adult (21 years of age or older) sons and daughters of U.S. citizens
Second Preference A: Spouses of permanent residents and the unmarried children (under the age of 21)) of permanent residents
Second Preference B: Unmarried sons and daughters (21 years or age or older) of permanent residents
Third Preference: Married sons and daughters of U.S. citizens, their spouses and their minor children
Fourth Preference: Brothers and sisters of adult U.S. citizens, their spouses and their minor children
Job or Employment Based
People who want to become immigrants based on employment or a job offer may apply for permanent residence or an immigrant visa abroad, when an immigrant visa number becomes available according to the following employment based preferences:
First Preference: Priority Workers, including aliens with extraordinary abilities, outstanding professors and researchers, and certain multinational executives and managers
Second Preference: Members of professions holding an advanced degree or persons of exceptional ability (including individuals seeking a National Interest Waiver)
Third Preference: Skilled Workers, professionals and other qualified workers
Fourth Preference: Certain special immigrants including those in religious vocations
Fifth Preference: Employment creation immigrants (investors or entrepreneurs)
Based on Refugee or Asylum Status
If you were admitted to the United States as a refugee or the qualifying spouse or child of a refugee, you are required to apply for permanent residence (a green card) 1 year after your entry into the United States in this status. If you were granted asylum in the United States or are a qualifying spouse or child of an asylee, you may apply for permanent residence 1 year after the grant of your asylum status.
If you are a refugee, you are required by law to apply for a green card 1 year after being admitted to the United States in refugee status.
If you are an asylee or asylee derivative spouse or child, you are not required to apply for a green card 1 year after being granted asylum or 1 year after being admitted to the United States in asylum status, although it may be in your best interest to do so.
Other Ways
Although most immigrants come to live permanently in the United States through a family members sponsorship, employment, or a job offer, there are many other ways to get a green card.
A number of special immigrant programs are limited to individuals meeting particular qualifications and/or applying during certain time frames.
Immigrant Petition
Immigrants in most categories will need an immigrant petition (Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative, Form I-140, Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker, Form I-360, Petition for Amerasian, Widow(er), or Special Immigrant, or another petition) filed on their behalf.
A petition establishes the underlying basis for your ability to immigrate and determines your immigrant classification or category. Some categories of immigrants may be able to self-petition. Most people immigrating based on humanitarian programs are exempt from the petition requirement.
Some immigrant petitions can be filed at the same time as the adjustment application (Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status), known as concurrent filing while other categories of immigrants will be required to wait until they have an approved petition before being allowed to apply for adjustment of status or an immigrant visa.
Visa Availability
A visa is always available for immediate relatives of U.S. citizens. If you are in a family or employment based preference category, visa availability is determined by:
Your priority date
The preference category you are immigrating under
The country the visa will be charged to (usually your country of citizenship)
The Department of State is the government agency that controls visa numbers. The annual limits for visa numbers are established by Congress and can be referenced in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA).
First, a priority date will be assigned to you based on your immigrant petition filing date (the date that the petition is properly filed with USCIS) or, in certain employment-based cases, the date the application for a labor certification was accepted by the Department of Labor. Your priority date holds your place in line for an immigrant visa.
This date, along with your country of nationality and preference category, determines if or how long a person will have to wait for a visa to be immediately available. When USCIS officials are ready to approve an applicant for permanent residency in a visa category that has limited numbers, we must first request a visa number from the Department of State.
When a visa is available, you may file Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status (if you are in the United States) or apply for an immigrant visa abroad (consular processing). If you are consular processing, USCIS will forward your approved petition to the Department of States National Visa Center who will contact you when your priority date is about to become current as to what your next steps are and when you may apply for an immigrant visa abroad.
Admissibility to the United States
All persons applying for an immigrant visa or adjustment of status must prove to the satisfaction of immigration or consular officials that they are admissible (eligible for admission) to the United States.
There are many grounds of inadmissibility that could potentially cause someone to be ineligible to become a permanent resident. For instance, there are health-related, criminal, security-related, and other grounds USCIS must consider.
In some cases and in certain situations, if you are found inadmissible to the United States you may be eligible to file a waiver on Form I-601, Application for Waiver of Ground of Inadmissibility, (the form required for most immigrants) or I-602, Application By Refugee For Waiver of Grounds of Excludability (the form required for refugees and asylees) to excuse your inadmissibility.
The grounds of inadmissibility are determined by the particular category under which you are immigrating. If you are ultimately found inadmissible to the United States, your adjustment of status application (Form I-485) or immigrant visa application will be denied. Congress has set the grounds of inadmissibility and they may be referenced in Section 212 of the Immigration and Nationality Act.
After all paperwork has been received, interviews conducted (if necessary), security checks completed, and other eligibility requirements reviewed, your case will be ready for a decision by USCIS.