美国，是世界上经济最为发达的国家之一，在教育、社会服务、以及人们生活保障方面都具备相当的优势。而对于美国移民者而言，在获得美国绿卡之后，就可以享受到与美国公民同等的权利，获得各种医疗保险各种福利待遇，当然同时也必须履行相应的义务。下面就和查字典留学网一起来了解一下美国移民者的权利和义务吧。
作为一个美国永久居民获得的权利以及需要履行的义务有哪些呢?
作为一名美国永久居民，你需要把美国当成你的家，并且尊重和遵守这个国家的法律。当然，作为一名美国永久居民，也意味着你获得了新的权利和义务。
成为一名美国永久居民，不是一种权利，而是一种特殊待遇。在某些特殊的情况下，美国政府可以收回你的永久居民身份。如果你想要继续在美国生活和工作，并且在未来某一天成为一名美国公民的话，你必须维持你的永久居民身份。
在这个部分，你将会了解到成为一名美国永久居民意味着什么?以及维持你的永久居民身份需要怎么做?
你作为一名永久居民的各种行为将会对你之后成为美国公民的能力产生一定影响。成为一名美国公民的过程，我们通常称为归化。
美国永久居民享有的权利：
作为一名美国永久居民，你有权利：
● 在美国的任何一个地方永久居住;
● 在美国工作;
● 在美国永久自己的房产;
● 就读于美国公立学校;
● 在你所在的州或者是区域申请驾照;
● 参加特定的美国武装部队;
● 如果符合相应的条件的话，可以获得社会保障金(政府定期向贫穷、失业、患病等人发放)、社会安全生活补助金以及医疗福利;
● 在符合要求之后，申请成为一名美国公民;
● 为你的另一半以及未婚的小孩申请在美国居住的签证;
● 在特定的条件下，离开和返回美国。
美国永久居民应当履行的义务：
作为一名美国永久居民，你必须：
● 遵守美国所有的联邦法律、州立法律以及当地法律;
● 支付联邦、州、以及当地收入税;
● 如果你是一名18岁到26岁之间的男人，那么你需要进行兵役登记(美国武装力量)。
所有18岁到26岁之间的男性必须进行兵役登记。在该年龄阶段获得了移民签证，或者是调整其身份状态的男性，可能自动进行了兵役的登记。如果是这样的话，那么你应该会在你开始登记的时候，收到一封邮件信息。如果你不确定自己是否已经进行登记，那么你可以联系可以检查你的记录状态的人，当然，你也可以在兵役登记官网上面进行查看。在你进行登记的时候，等于是在告知美国政府你随时准备好为美国武装力量奉献自己的力量。美国目前没有进行征兵，但是所有18岁到26岁之间的男性仍然需要进行兵役登记。除非其不想要美国永久居民以及美国公民在军事力量中服务。
你可以在美国邮政总局或者是网上进行登记，在网上进行兵役登记的话，你可以浏览兵役登记系统www.sss.gov。另外，你也可以打电话联系兵役登记中心的相关人员，联系电话为847- 688-6888，注意这是需要付费的电话。
● 维持你的移民身份状态;
● 时刻携带你的永久居民状态证明;
● 在你每一次搬家之后，请在网上更改你的地址，并且在搬家的10天之内递交手写的新地址到美国公民及移民事务署(USCIS)。
如果你变更了居住地址的话，你必须通知美国公民及移民事务署。在你更换居住地点的10填之内，填写AR-11表格来变更地址。了解填写地址变化的相关信息，请浏览美国公民及移民事务署官网上的相关信息，或者是打电话给客户服务部门1-800-375-5283。请注意，在每一次的地址变更之后，你都需要通知美国公民及移民事务署。
作为一名美国永久居民，你将享有很多的权利和自由。同样的，你也需要履行一些义务。身为一名美国永久居民，其中很重要的一个义务就是融入你的生活社区和环境。你也应该学习一些相关的美国文化、历史以及政府常识。你可以通过参加成人教育班级或者是阅读当地的报纸来获得相关的信息。
维持你的永久居民状态：
一旦你获得了美国永久居民身份，你将一直是一名美国永久居民，除非依据美国移民法律使得你的身份状态发生了改变。失去美国永久居民身份的一种办法就是放弃它，你可以以离开美国，在国外居住的方式来放弃你的美国永久居民身份。你的行为表现将会说明你想要放弃美国永久居民身份的意愿。你可以通过以下一些方式，来降低美国政府认为你会放弃你的永久居民身份资格的可能性：
● 不要长时间的离开美国，除非你离开的理由是出于某种临时理由(例如求学、参加某种临时的工作、或者是照顾某一个家庭成员)。如果你离开美国一年或者是更长时间，你将不能使用你的永久居民卡进入美国。
● 如果有什么事情延迟了你返回美国的时间，请准备好理由来解释你的延迟行为。
● 如果适用的话，请填写好联邦、州、以及当地的所得税申报表。
● 如果你是一名18岁到26岁之间的男性，可以进行兵役登记。
● 在你每一次搬家之后，在搬家的10天之内递交手写的新地址到美国公民及移民事务署(USCIS)。
一些移民认为他们可以居住在国外，并且保持自己的美国永久居民身份，只要他们保证至少每年一次返回美国，但是这种想法是不正确的。每年一次返回美国可能不足以用来维持你美国永久居民的身份。身为一名美国永久居民，你可以离开美国，前往别的国家，临时或者是短时间的一次旅行不会对你的永久居民身份有什么影响。但是，如果你长时间的离开美国，并且没有通过任何其他的方式证明自己把美国当成自己永居国家的话，那么美国政府可能会认为你有放弃自己美国永久居民身份的想法。另外，如果你出国的时间在6个月到1年之间，并且没有任何其他的证据说明你把美国当成自己永居国家的话，那么也可能让美国政府认为你想要放弃自己的美国永久居民身份。
如果你出国的时间没有达到一年的话，那么你可以使用永久居民卡当成旅游证件返回美国。如果你认为自己离开美国的时间将会超过12个月的话，那么你应该在离开美国之前，通过填写I-131表格来申请回美证。你必须支付相应的费用来完成I-131表格的填写，你可以在美国公民及移民事务署的官网上面获得I-131表格，或者是打电话给美国公民及移民事务署。
回美证的有效期最多是2年，在任何一个入境的地方，你可以通过出示回美证来代替签证或者是美国永久居民卡。但是，获得回美证并不能保证在你回美的时候顺利入境，但是可以更加容易的说明你是在短暂的出国访问之后回到美国。如果你还想要了解有关美国永久居民出国旅行的额外信息，请直接浏览美国公民及移民事务署。
你需要特别注意的一点是无论你是否放弃你的美国永久居民身份，在你离开美国181天及以上，重新申请回美的时候，或者是在移民法律说明的其他情况下的话，都需要进行完整的移民检查。
Your Rights and Responsibilities as a Permanent Resident
As a permanent resident, you are expected to consider the United States your home and to respect and obey this countrys laws. Being a permanent resident also means that you have new rights and responsibilities.
Being a permanent resident is a privilege, not a right. The U.S. government can take away your permanent resident status under certain conditions. You must maintain your permanent resident status if you want to live and work in the United States and become a citizen one day.
In this section, you will learn what it means to be a permanent resident and what you need to do to maintain your permanent resident status.
Your conduct as a permanent resident can affect your ability to become a U.S. citizen later. The process of becoming a U.S. citizen is called naturalization.
As a permanent resident, you have the right to:
● Live permanently anywhere in the United States.
● Work in the United States.
● Own property in the United States.
● Attend public school.
● Apply for a drivers license in your state or territory.
● Join certain branches of the U.S. armed forces.
● Receive Social Security, Supplemental Security Income, and Medicare benefits, if you are eligible.
● Apply to become a U.S. citizen once you are eligible.
● Request visas for your spouse and unmarried children to live in the United States.
● Leave and return to the United States under certain conditions. As a permanent resident, you must:
● Obey all federal, state, and local laws.
● Pay federal, state, and local income taxes.
● Register with the Selective Service (U.S. armed forces), if you are a male between the ages of 18 and 26. See page 18 for instructions.
All men between the ages of 18 and 26 years old must register with the Selective Service. Males who obtained their immigrant visa or adjusted their status at that age may have automatically been registered with the Selective Service. If so, you should have received information in the mail stating that you are registered. If you are unsure if you are registered, speak with someone from the Selective Service who can check your record. You can also check on the Selective Service website at www. sss.gov. When you register, you tell the government that you are available to serve in the U.S. armed forces. The United States does not have a military draft now, but men between the ages of 18 and 26 are still required to register. Unless they want to, permanent residents and U.S. citizens do not have to serve in the armed forces.
You can register at a U.S. post office or on the Internet. To register for Selective Service on the Internet, visit the Selective Service System at www.sss.gov. To speak with someone from the Selective Service, call 847- 688-6888. This is not a free call.
● Maintain your immigration status.
● Carry proof of your permanent resident status at all times.
● Change your address online or provide it in writing to USCIS within 10 days of each time you move. See page 19 for instructions.
You must notify USCIS if you change your address. File Form AR-11, Change of Address, within 10 days of your relocation. For information on filing a change of address, go to the USCIS website at www.uscis.gov/addresschange or call Customer Service at 1-800-375-5283. You must notify USCIS each time you change your address.
As a permanent resident, you have many rights and freedoms. In return, you have some responsibilities. One important responsibility is to get involved in your community. You should also learn about American culture, history, and government. You can do this by taking adult education classes and reading local newspapers.
Maintaining Your Permanent Resident Status
Once you have obtained permanent resident status, you will continue to be a permanent resident unless your status changes as provided under U.S. immigration law. One way you can lose permanent resident status is by abandoning it. You abandon your permanent resident status by leaving the United States to live abroad permanently with the intent of giving up your permanent resident status. Your conduct will demonstrate your actual intent. There are some things you can do to decrease the possibility that the U.S. government will find that you have abandoned your status:
● Do not leave the United States for an extended period of time unless the circumstances show that your trip is for a temporary purpose (for example, to attend school, take a temporary job, or care for a family member). If you are absent for a year or longer, you cannot use your Permanent Resident Card to enter the United States.
● If something happens that delays your return, be prepared to explain the reason(s) for the delay.
● File federal and, if applicable, state, and local income tax returns.
● Register with the Selective Service if you are a male between the ages of 18 and 26.
● Give your new address to USCIS within 10 days of each time you move.
Some immigrants believe they can live abroad and keep their permanent resident status as long as they return to the United States at least once a year, but this assumption is incorrect. Travel to the United States once a year may not be sufficient to maintain your status. Permanent residents may travel outside the United States, and temporary or brief travel usually does not affect your permanent resident status. If you leave the country for too long or indicate in another way that you do not intend to make the United States your permanent home, the U.S. government may determine that you have abandoned your permanent resident status. This can also occur if you take a trip that is between six months and a year, if there is evidence that you did not intend to make the United States your permanent home.
You can use your Permanent Resident Card as a travel document for returning to the United States if you have not been abroad for a year or more. If you think you will be out of the United States for more than 12 months, you should apply for a re-entry permit before leaving the country by filing Form I-131, Application for a Travel Document. You must pay a fee to file Form I-131. You can get Form I-131 at www.uscis.gov or by calling the USCIS Forms Line at 1-800-870-3676.
A re-entry permit is valid for up to two years. At a port of entry, you may show the re-entry permit instead of a visa or Permanent Resident Card. Having a re-entry permit does not guarantee that you will be admitted to the United States when you return, but it can make it easier to show that you are returning from a temporary visit abroad. If you would like additional information about international travel as a permanent resident, please visit www.uscis.gov.
You should also be aware thatregardless of whether you might have abandoned your permanent resident statusyou are subject to a full immigration inspection as an applicant for admission any time you have been abroad for at least 181 days, or in other situations specified in immigration law.