南非前总统曼德拉生平简介英文版
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918. His father was Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe. Mandela himself was educated at University College of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand and qualified in law in 1942. He joined the African National Congress in 1944 and was engaged in resistance against the ruling National Party's apartheid policies(种族隔离政策) after 1948. He went on trial(受审)for treason(叛国) in 1956-1961 and was aquitted (被判无罪)in 1961. After the banning of the ANC in 1960, Nelson Mandela argued for the setting up of a military wing(派，翼) within the ANC. In June 1961, the ANC executive considered his proposal on the use of violent tactics(战术) and agreed that those members who wished to involve themselves in Mandela's campaign would not be stopped from doing so by the ANC. This led to the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe(Spear of the nation民族之矛). Mandela was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years' imprisonment with hard labour. In 1963, when many fellow leaders of the ANC and the Umkhonto we Sizwe were arrested, Mandela was brought to stand trial with them for plotting(密谋) to overthrow the government by violence. His statement from the dock(被告席) received considerable international publicity. On June 12, 1964, eight of the accused, including Mandela, were sentenced to life imprisonment. From 1964 to 1982, he was incarcerated (监禁)at Robben Island Prison, off Cape Town; thereafter, he was at Pollsmoor Prison, nearby on the mainland.
During his years in prison, Nelson Mandela's reputation grew steadily. He was widely accepted as the most significant black leader in South Africa and became a potent (强有力的)symbol of resistance as the anti-apartheid movement gathered strength. He consistently(一贯地) refused to compromise his political position to obtain his freedom.
Nelson Mandela was released on February 18, 1990. After his release, he plunged himself wholeheartedly into(全身投入) his life's work, striving to(奋斗) attain the goals he and others had set out almost four decades earlier. In 1991, at the first national conference of the ANC held inside South Africa after the organization had been banned in 1960, Mandela was elected President of the ANC while his lifelong friend and colleague, Oliver Tambo, became the organisation's National Chairperson.
These are some other interesting facts, the ones the press do not like to reveal:
He was the leader and co-founder of the ANCs` military wing - MK.(非国大军事组织)They were responsible for many terrorist attacks and the death of many innocent civilians.He was imprisoned for his terrorist
activities.Apartheid(种族隔离) was not ended by Mandela nor the ANC, but by a referendum(公民投票，复决权) put forward to the white people of South Africa by the President at the time - F.W de Klerk. The white people of South Africa overwhelmingly voted for a free democratic South Africa.There was another recipient(接受者)of the Nobel Peace Prize with Nelson Mandela - F.W de Klerk.
Mandela has continuously downplayed(贬低)the whites’ contribution to ending Apartheid.
The ANC is a three parted party, consisting of the ANC, the South African communist party and the Congress of South African Trade union s.
The communist party is and always has been an integral (基本的)part of the ANC which is why many foreign companies think twice before investing in South Africa. These are the facts, only the facts. Do your own research and make up your own mind before you believe everything the press tells you.
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